haktmann



WITNESSS:

1. F. e. P. HAHTMANN.

ALTEHNATING CURRENT REQTIFIER. APPLICATION mu) DEC 30. 1915.

I Patented June 10, 1919.

ZI ENTOR.

Mam A TTOR/VEYJ J. F. GqP. HARTMANN. ALTEHNMING CURRENT RECTIFIER.

Awucmou HLED 02030.1015.

1,306,335. I Patented Jline 10, 1919.

5 SHEETSSHEET 2- i d ll;

J. F. G. P. HARTMANN.

ALTERNATING CURRENT RECHHEH.

APPLICAHON HLEO DEC 30. l9\5.

Patented June 10, 1919.

Ina/611501" g7 la 5. i I. W @(WW, J

J. F. G. P. HARTMANN. ALTERNAHNG CURRENT RECTIFIER.

APPHCAUON mu) DEC 30. m5.

Patented June 10, 1919 5 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

w Q h g i E fk W UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

' JULIUS FBEDERIK GEORG POUL HABTMAINN,OF COil-ENHAGEN, DENMAiK.

ALTERNA'1ING-CURRENT RECTIFIER.

lowing be. be a. full, clenr, and exact descri tion, of the invention, such as will enabc othersskilied in the art to which it appertainsfto make and use the same.

:EThe invention relates to an apparatus for transforming; especially rectifying, alternatin'gror polyphase currents. .The apparhtus mainly consists of a system of one or mcreconducting liquid jets passing through it magnetic field which is perpeiidicular sstlnal etoand'thereafter striking a combined or=siniple electrode "arranged at a distance fr0m1the=field dependent on. the velocity of l the jetnnd the frequency of the current.

The ireason for placing the electrode at a certain distance from the field ttndthe d'e-- pendency of the/said distance onthe {yeex l'ainedi s -lotgiity hndf-At,he-;f re({1iency will: hereafter be 2 the -accompanying draivings, iEi iflrelds a-din'grnmmatie viex'v showing -the tieei'etieal path 01': a 'cnrrentfca 'rying jet, influenced by a'magnctic field;

Fig-.riis 1 similar viev'i' showing the actual with of the current-cuirrymg et;

Fig. 3is a diagrammatic view showing the jet associated with onefurm of double elee- 3 trode;

Fi 4 is a; diagrammatic View of a simple reeti. er or system in which a sing'le electrode "is employed; I i

' Fig; "5 is a similar view of the seine, showingpni addition, means fo'r utiliz ng a port'ionbfthe rectified cnri'ent 'for working an 'Fig. -6 is a; diagi'smunntie view showing an unsymmetrical arrangement of the field, jet and electrode;

Figs: 7,8 and 9 ate. views .of nndulator 'rectifiers in which electi-oinagnets are emp'loZdQ energized by nccn nulators in series Wit. the jet; and in which single electrodes are einplc'yed,-the same differing from each other nie 'ely inthe ni rnn gement. of the electrodes. Fi'gs. 1 0, 11 and 12 are also views of -nnd'ulator rectifiers. in -which the working brsinoh oi the circuit. is divided-while the 55 sonrce of. nlternating'cnn ent-is undivided;

changed;

gle'instea'd of ddilbl like thosepf 2 1.a ze H s t i Fi 23 IS 11 Vic 61? aiiarriiii-gsiiis it siiiiie. 9

Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Jfing10"1919 Application filed December 30.1915. Serial No. 69311. i

Fig. 13 is a view of an arrengemen' tsi niletto Fi s. 10 t0'12 in which a gi ngle-jgt or. system cfjetsis enip'lbyed in ccnnectioi ,m $1,911" f sw e similar to Fig. -1 3,;'1n which the ene etpiand working hren'ches have "inter- Fig. 15 is ii di" iii'iitiigiisivg s'li ijf the use of twc 'douglefelecti-cdes in a siiig lg y V Fig. 1e isii' similar View s swingt" iii. fiedelectrode agrefigenient and the use *Of a reaction coil iii the Wioiflkifig!hiiifrieh; 1..

Figs. 17 and 18 die Views qmwo modifications sl piii i'ng nndivid'ii and generator Figs, 19 and 20 are (Nth 61H; iii F i 21 is a YiW'iiFfi'liQffOfi 6 iin recti er fo'r pelyhhase cni'i-ent ,j i Fig. 22 is ii. View of answer dim 353i. its same in which a sjeftifs-of eleiiiehts m in i s lar to Fig. '21, iiyz vhieh@e-idupiieetiiiitjif the double electijdfiesi t heije. Ska-Fifi) .i's emi I. -i '1 Fig. 24 is a view shewirt ,thit g dups'ef the elements ifV'Eig. 23 nilt'tbgether 6.

produce a system"foijfecti-fying threesphase current by the of both half penibds iii each phase;

Fig. 25 shows a modification 0f the of Fig. 24, in which an undivided workihg branch is obtained; H l i Fig. 26 is a diagyalmnnttieview in heavy lines the EU- went yiel ed" ad ustments of tl1 e system,- llistra d in 'y ,in heavy lines a: c rren wi iai iiii'f een; .tained' in the working bi'i'mch of thsystieihl cf Fig. 25-;- s... Fig..28 shows a rectifier foicurrent emplbying an electrode ade up 6 three conducting sectors separated'by itis'lilating wall v Fig. 29 shows a rectifier of the'type of h 28, employi 12g two -jetsniid two electtodes; Fig. 30 is a detail'secticna'l. vie'vi" o'f aitiihe by which a single 'ei; is fdi'lned; i: g

F g. 31 is e simi fir'view of abbred 'lite,

by which a series of pardllliets dre' 6h tained 11r Fig. 32 is a face view of a plate with five rows of jet fol-ruling holes;

Fig. 33 is a similar view of a plate with three series of holes;

Fig. 34 is a similar view showing the et systems arranged in groups in single plates;

Figs. 35 and 3t'rare face views of a plate and grating, in which the plate is provided with five pairs of hole rows and the grating acts to cover or close one row of each pair of rows;

.Fig. 37 is a sectional elevation of a mod1- fied construction of double electrode;

Fig. 38 is a view of a double displaceablo slide upon which the electrode of Fig. 37 is mounted for adjustment;

Figs. 39 and 40 are an elevation and a section respectively, of a further modificsr tion of the double electrode;

Fig. 41 is a detail sectional viewof a form of the single electrode of Figs. 4 and 5 modified to counteract momentary shortscir' cuiting by the jet;

Figs. 42 and 43 are similar views of the double electrode and polyphase electrode, similarly modified;

Fig. 44 is a detail sectional view showing a series of three double electrodes so arranged as to secure a greater amount of energy;

Fig. 45 is a sectional elevation of a complete rectifying apparatus embodying my invention, an

Figs. 4-6 and 47 are views showing reaction coils and the manner in which they'are inserted in the system.

If a liquid jet carries an alternating current and passes through a constant magnetic field whose lines of force are perpendicular to the jet and have a comparatively small component in the direction of the jet, waves are formed in the jet which advance at a speed approximately equal to the speed of t is particles of the jet and at the same time increase in amplitude. As indicated in Fig. 1 in the annexed drawing, a is the point wherethe jet enters the magnetic field F, the lines of force of which are perpendicular to the plane of the paper. ecording to an elementary theory the amplitude of the waves increases on the two lines H and u/', namely the lilies according to which the jet would adjust itself if it carried direct current of one direction or the other, the in tensity of the current being equal to the m'aximunf value of the alternatin current. Theoretically the waye length equa s the distance through which the particles of the jet more during the period of the current. It has been found, however, that in actual practice the amplitude will become less than the theoretical amplitude due to damping of the wave, and the actual form of the Wave will correspond to that illustrated in the diagram shown in Fig. 2.

If a surface perpendicular to the jet is considcred,.it is easily understood that the point at which thejet strikes the surface will os'rillulu on both sides of the striking point of the unbent jet. The time occu led by nu oscillation will equal the periotfof the ullclfnuling current. but the movement will be retarded in comparison to the current. Provided the speed of the particles of the jet is constant, the phase-displacement will Increase in proportion to the distance of the surface from the field. It follows that .a number of equidistant planes will exist at which the striking point of the jet passes its middle position (i. e., the displacement ordinates are zero) at the same time that the current passes through zero. The first of these planes is found at a distance from the field equal to the distance through which the particles of the jet move during a half period of the alternating current. At this distance the phase-displacement is equal to a, i. e. the striking-point passes through the middkl position only half a period after the changeiii direction of the current which causes the passage. The next surface is found at double this distance and corresponds to the phase-displacement 2 1:. In short, the rule is that the distances of the surfaces from the field are multiples of the distance passed by the particles of the jet during the half period. If the velocity of the particles of the jet be 200 cm. and the half period of the alternating current .01 second, the surfaces will thus be found, 2, 4, 6, 8, etc, cm. from the field respectively.

If the jet carries direct current and passes through a short alternating field with lines of force .perpemliculur to the jet, it will assume a sinusoidal form similar to that assumed by the jet if it carries an alternating current in a constant field. In planes l0- catcd as above described the striking point of the jet will pass its middle position contemporancously with the zero intensity of the field.

The present invention is based upon the recognition of the above statements. Before describing the various forms of rectifiers according to the invention, some of their elements will be described. Fig. 3 schematically shows a magnetic field F, through which a jet asses entering at b and striking a double e ectrode u, v, consisting of two plates, for instance of iron separated by an insulating wall .r, the wed eslmped edge of which projects somewhat yond the surface of the plates u and o. The unbent jet is first presumed to be directed against the edge of the wall as. If the electrode is arranged at one of the above named critical distances from the field, the striking point of the jet will pass over the edge of the insulating ,wall at the moment at which the current changes its sign. This the of the two directions of current-may, be ob taincd. Owing to the thickness of the jet, however, it Wlll for a moment touch both ,sides of the electrode; but in many cases the effect of this .will be of practically no consequence, partly becausefthe current value 1s approximately zero during the short cjrcuiting and partly because the striking point is changing its. direction'at the maximum velocity-during its passage over the insulating edge. When dealin ,however, with iarge quantities of energy, t e short-circuit- .mgmay mean a-drawbaqk. This is rem ed'led by means of the special constructions of electrodes described below.

The described double-electrode may be conceived as a duplication of a'single electrode which serves for cutting out analternatingl current of one Fig. 4 shows diagrammatically a simple. form of such electrode." If. the electrode isplaced at a distance from the fielde ual to the distancethroughwhich the .partic es of the jet move during half a period of the alternating current funder. considerationjor a multiple of this distance, each second half period only willpas s throu h the electrode. If the dis 'tan'c'c from the" chi to the electrode is equal to the distancethrgugh which the particles of the jet move, when currentless, during a single half period, the direction of current I passing through the jet and the electrode is the one that causes amupward bend of the jet,' away from the electrode. This bend will, when the halferiod has elapscd,'have reached the electro e, whereupon the front of the jet during the subsequent half period will be found. .outsidethe electrode, about as indicated in F ig'. Hence during this hal'fjperiod'the current is interru ted. The

following jet parts will there ore move straight 'ahead and after. the chi se of the half period will again meet the e ectrode so that the current is closed again. i

.Theidiagrams of a series of, 'omplcterew tifiers in which the abm'emcntioncd forms of electrodes are used will now be described.

A simple sysfcm consists mainly in the.

parts shown in Figs. 1 and 5. It automaticallycuts out one half period of an alternating current. The remainder of the rectified current can be usedfor instance for workthrough an alternating current. It has been proved to be desirable .to use a very strong field in order obtain a sudden interrupbe designated as wave i'ec'ti ers Figs tion of the connection between the jet and the electrode, and the latter element must be adjusted at a distance from the field substantially ual to the distance through I which the particles of the jet move during?!) the half period of the'altern'ating current,

rent is interrupted and aVilll-remjaih if't ref position oftheelectro'de is correct duriugit iii a. entirefolloyving half period andii'ill dhl'y be closed again at the beginning of'the'ncxt following half period. w Experiments have proved that cei tairi dissyinmetry in the arrangemcnfofihc three elements, field, jet and electrode, injje liitidii I to each other, is generally desirable'liirtlie" alternatin 'current interrupter; as es-jab scribed. are must therefore bie ia the jet cannot be interre ated at the (15 16A; Ti, of currcnt'not used. If the direction'b N rent to be used produces a" bend downward, in the diagram shown in Fig. 6, the tion not use will presume bend award? stated,'a rather strong field i'sreqiiiried 1' for the altcrnatingclirl'ontto insure iiegirlefrl i and sudden interrupti0n1'7'1hefieldcan be:

produced by a permanent mag et dfigreatqijf 1-00 din uension. than t-hose'comm In in Weslanr 3; C}:

can be constructed forworking: with dry ;o,-r. wet cells, or accunmlatois p, F ed: "I; in series with the'jet S in such aimann'e r' tliat they are kept charged through the rectified; alternating current. 4 f i l The above described electrodes, the double. electrode and the single electrode witli their cooperating jet orsystem of jets andiiield 11 10 can be used as )arts of a number of rectifiersj now in use. 1. cco'rding totheprinciplc which they; work, they, ma .approp i-iaztiilyq i show some diagrams for such rectifierst l,i5 Figs. 7-9, which onlydifi fer ,hy theiar-j rajigclnent ofelectrodes, may composed M two single electrodes with coiiperat1ng'jetsand fields. The latter are not indicatedfiji V the drawing. The source of alternating cur- 1,20 rent, for instance the secondary .windiim of a transformer, is divided intotwo ha vcs which alternately deliver current to thcf umu working circuit. The current in the lat tur will, when the distance from field to l I electrodes is equal to a multipleoithe distancc pas-sod by the jet particles during, a

half period, consist o the two half periods of the alternating current laid to the same side. This current, of course, maybe modi- .130

to the systems shown in Had by means of appropriate inserted reaction-coils. Fig. 19 shows diagrams of the non-modified and the modified current. In

the diagrams shown in Figs 79 the current 0 hr-m1 ll;11llSf()llllGl'S for sin lc-phase alternat- ,iug current. The princip e however is used r charging a storage battery. A

Figs. 10-42 show modifications of the systems illustrated in Figs. 7-9. The working branch is divided wlu e the source of altereating current is undivided. Each half of the working branch receives current each second half period only.. Throu h insertion of a reaction coil as described be ow the puleating current H be modified about as indicated in Fig. regtifying system can then be used,' for instance, for" charging of a storage battery as indicated in the draw- .rom Fig. 13 it further appears that a single st or a single system of jets sutfice when t e above described do'uble electrode is used. The action of. the s stem is similar igs. 1042. In the double electrode systemthe generator branch and the workin branch may be interchang'ed as indicate in Fig. 14; but in this case the jet will have to carry the rectified, in some cases modified, current. In order to make the jet oscillate in unison with the alternating current it is essential that it pass through an alternating field produced y the enerator delivering the main current. erierally a. s nchronous alternating field should be use the rectified current. In all other cases the field is a constant field. If an alternating field used it should be observed that generally the electrode should not be placed at a distance from the field equal to a multiple of the distance passed by the particles of the jet during the alt eriod; but the distance must now be selec so that the phase displacement between the movement of the jet and the field due to the distance plus the phase displacement of the field in relation to the generator tension, measured cyclically, becomes a multiple of 2 'n. -It is however to be noted that at a certain hase displacement between field and wor ing tension the electrode distances ire determined by speed and frequency alone.

According to F 1g. 15 two double electrodes are used in one s stem. Neither the genera for branch nor tlie workin branch need in this case be divided, anti t e two branches are of course interchangeable. Fig. 16 shows a modified electrode arrangement and a reaction-coil 61 inserted in the working branch. Finally Figs. 17 and 18 show two further modifications likewise with undivided workin and generator branches,

si le' electrores being substituted instead of ouble electrodes.

-In the dingrmnsshown the rectifier is always use for harglng a storage battery. The 'recti (1 current however, can of course -ternating current.

when the jets carry be used for many other purposes, for instzencc electrolysis, arc-lumps, and for working direct current motors, etc.

he rectifier-s hitherto considered have all ermits them to'bc used not on y for trans orming of alternating current into direct current but also for transforming direct current into al- The transformation of direct current into ulternutin current can he represented by the same gures as the trans ormcrs of alternating into direct current, the storage battery now representing the source of direct current while the source of alternating current is represented by the apparatus in which the alternating current is utilized, for instance the primary winding of, a transformer. in some of the diagrams, for instance those shown in Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10, the injurious sparking effect, which must arise by the use of a transformer, can be avoided when the jets are adjusted in relation to the electrodes or the latter in relation to the jets in such a manner that the transformer is kept short circuited for a short time at the changing from one direction of current to the opposite.

Referring to Figs. 21-31 a series of wave rectificrs for polypluise current will be described. I

. Such rectificrs can be com used of elemcnts like that illustrated in Big. 21. The arrangement here consists of the jet S, the constant field F and the double electrode 70, :r, 71. The jet S, however, is not directed against the ed e of the plate w as in the previously dcscri ed modifications but against one of the electrode-parts, for instance 70. Two circuits, namely: the main circuit or the working circuit represented by S, 72, 75 and 71, in which are inserted the alternating or polyphase current 72-73, and the systom 75 (for instance the. indicated storage battery) which shall receive the rectified current, and: lhe auxiliary circuit S, 72, 74 76, 70, in which only a small part 72-74 0 the phase 72-73 (and in some cases a regulating resistance, not shown) is inserted;

If the jet S pass an alternating current its striking oint on the surface of the electrode displaced, a multiple of 1: in relation to thecurrent. the electrode half 71 and the working circuit will receive a part of one current direction or half period. The remainder of this half period and the entire other half period is delivered to the auxiliary circuit, the resistance of which is adjusted in such a 16 of eerie 30 speaking with only fpart 'of manner that the current does not suddenly; vary during thepassage of thefstrik'ing, point p w the other." The auxiliary circuit thus serres; to keep filing the movement of the striking po1'n't. I yer'y small a requ'iredflfo 'lj ithis' whiehis su plied sma lame ee t neke we v elements ike, those here 1o dcscrl f k .suchl' e1 re compi i ductees "Fig.1 a, 'svs,tem is obtained which; v'th ia' correct' adjustment of the distances offthe l-iets froin the edges 'aror de's of l the striking point in 1 reefiorking branch 75 will as, that represented by the Tl ndistanee re seletedjn such a manner, 20 that eachcfiof ides 'flfofi the electrodes are touchedhythe "jet during one third of. the;period;. TheIcurrenQfean 'be modified lfih'inse'itionofeg i'eaction coil. The

' e l'ie i thro later hdfusitnieiitjof theeleotrodes can be 50' efi'ected by means of it slide which'is displaceable' the direction of movement of the ,strikingpoint of thejett t 'The system shown in Fig.2) works with only one .half' period, or more correctly the same on -bothfls id,es of, the maximum value, This system nay vli'onever be doubled as shown in" Fig., 23{asregards .asingle phase; The electrodeliere used is a doubling of that shown in Q1, T Three such elements built together asshown in' Fig. 24 provide a system forfrectifying a three phase current with the use ofboth half periods in' each phase, The working branch must here 40 be divided. An undivided working branch is obtained inthe systemshon'u in Fi 25. -This consists of two systems designer for three' phaseslbut can .of course be built for any number phases. ilV hen three phase current is'insed and a current. like that shown in Fig. 27withfia heavy line is obtained inthe working branch, it is to be observed that the jet must touch the outer electrode parts, caclr in one sixth of the period, and that the electrodes must be placed at a distance from the field equal ton niultiple of the distance through which the particles of the jetniove during one half period. v By tli use of a rotating field produced by the' generator of the polyphase current the latter-r. can also berectlfied. Fig. 23 shows a rectifier for three phase current. The eleetrodeconsists of three conducting an sectors'separnted by insulating walls ac. Ins

iuenc'ed by the rotating field and the rectilied current the striking" point of the" jet on the cleetrode will rotate at an angular wloeity equal to that of the rotating field. thus synchronizing with the three phase oifrthe jet fr'om' one electrode haltto mount of eneriy s.

,5" at, a s; f h 'e ec mdel 1 w w current. The striking: point will-l lbw hind the field forgen mterval ofltim corm-w g. r spond g to athect niet s wi ,particles 'of the jet to moilet ;,-1- m the fieldn': 5 ,to the, eleetrode,, gI'n ;fl a held. and ill gi ten langular position; Q ti ev separatingn;

ment; of the idistencejroxmthe; fieldctodahe ,electrode that. .the current ,wthrdughgthenjt 1:75 ,and, the working branch assumet theychar n actor-i d V p I above; a series of positions tane jonnd inc- ;which the electrodes can be :1mmd,; 'rhe distances between thesanie is a multiple new L the distance through which; the articles; of the jet move during jthe peri toilth ta.

phase. Fig. 29 shows arrectlfienmor ng r with two jets -and two -electrode&; w-The phases need'not' here haven. conunonv-pointQ-zBd It is obvious that systems corresponding to those shown iniFigsQS and 29i,tcan"beteon-= a structed for any number of phases Theoperation, of, he described"et":commute-tors will now be ex luined.) Thoma-r: ditions affecting the stability of the jet iron-1 ders it possible to causethe motion of the.

displacement equal to 1:). :If the pressure head of the conductive liquid iszequalc-vto v 20 cm. of mercury the velocity will be about 200 cm If the current 15 an ordinary technical alternating current of 50 periods,

the distance in question will become amultiple of 2 0111., say 4 or 6 cm., 6., the electrode. is to be. placed far within the:

limit of the coherent part of the-jet at.

the dimensions of jet here in question.

'lheunavoidable losses incurred by the sparking resistance of the mercury jet, etc., when the undulating system is placed out spare filled with illuminating gas, hydrogen, alcohol vapor or the like, are ve'rysmali compared to the amount of energy trans-I 5 formed. The loss is essentially proportional i to the latter. Asexperiments:have proved; l

this is approximately inrkn'sely proportional" to the cross sectional area-of th'ejetsof the= system. l'his areaflnay be augmented as 20 'much as desired, partly by; augmenting the .eross section of the single jet,:and'partly by substituting for the single-yet-a plu- -rality of If the-area is made snfiiciently large for each kilowatt transformed 1 5 the loss can always be kept at a minimum. A single jet of a diameter ofabont 1.5 i nun. will sutiice for economical transformation of about 1.5 kilowatt'alternating current into rectified and modified current. A 1

icated. in Fig. 2(i. SimiJaE-QtoLthm; y 1

- liquid.

jet of three mm. diameter will thus be sullicicnt for 5-6 kilowatt, and a mlub of jets of 5 jets will thus again suffice for transforming of 25 kilowatt and two such combs for kilowatts. It appears from this that the wave commutator will constitute a very simple transformer.

It has been proved to be of the greatest importance that the parts of the electrode, the conductive as well as the insulating, should fully stand the load in'the jets so that a col-res )onding small loss by sparks occurs. Final y it is essential (and it does not present any diflicultics at all) to keep the conductive liquidgenerally mercury-so pure that a constant coherent jet can be obtained. The only requirement is that the diameter of the jet be not diminished below a certain limit, which, as experiments have proved, is approximately 1 mm.

The construction of the various parts of the invention will now be explained.

In systems for transforming small quantities of energy, for instance up to 5 kilo watts, one jet will suliicc. The jet can be formed by means of a glass tube drawn out to a point of the shape shown in Fig. 30 or by means of a hole bored in a plate of iron or other'n'iaterial which is not attacked by the \Vhen larger quantities of energy uestion a system of parallel jets will :1 produced by means of a series of \Vhcn are in be use such boxed holes as shown in F1" 3].

'such a plate is used the jets a comb which in the rectifying systems here dcscribed must be arranged in the polc-linc of the magnetic system. The number of em in the single comb is of course limited )3; the circumstance that the air gaps be tween the poles of the magnet must be kept under a certain limit. In practical cxperiments as many as live jets have been used in a single comb.

For greater quantities of energy, however. a system of jet combs produced by corresponding systems of holes in a larger plate of'steel, iron, copper or the like must be used. Fig. 32 shows such a plate with live rows of holes 12 corresponding to a system of electrodes built up similar to the vice trode illustrated in Fig. 39 as referred to below.

The jet-hole plate when only a single hole 'or a single comb is in question. may be screwed into the end of a tube which may be removable from the chamber of the apparatus. \Vben systems of jet combs are in question the plate has an oblong shape. It then Mlvantagcously forms a wall in a chamber to which the liquid flows under pressure. If the diameter of the holes is over a certain limit their is no danger of tl: holes being obstructed by dirt or the Ii 0.

readily accessible for inspection or -ter- If, however. the holes are desired changing, the hole-plate may form a slidable wall in the chamber into which the conducting liquid streams. This can be effected in various uays. Thus Fig. 33 shows a plate with three series of holes. In a certain osition of the plate only a limited num er of holes in thc thrce rows are used, for instance those situated behrccn the lines 13 and H. lly displacing the date in the direction of the rows new holes can be rendered operative without interruption of the working. In Fig. 34 the jet systems are arranged in groups in single plates. \Vhcn one group is used the other is positioned outside the chamber and can be cleaned. In Fig. 35 there is shown a system consisting of live pairs of hole-rows in a plate 80. Holy one row in each )air is used at a time, the nlllcl' being found ehind a tight lilting grate S1. as shown in Fig. 36. By displacing the plate one set of rows may bc rcndcrcd opera! hr. and the other il1- ilCiH'U. The latter construction has this advantage that the said displacement makes superfluous u slide for displacement of the electrode system pcrpelulicular to the dircction of the jets. The principle used in Figs. 35 and 36 may be cxlcndcd so as to comprise groups of hole-rows with more than two rows in each group. as also the plate shown in Fig. 34 may be provided with more groups of holes than two.

Various forms OfJ'ltkftlUdUS are diagrammatically shown in Figs. 1 18. Fig. 37 shows a l|l()(llllt'itll0ll which has proved to la-. praclic'.1l. ()u a basc 15 of slate (JP-till: likc are arranged lwo uprights 1G and 17, and hctwccn the same the elcclrodwhalres 1S and lfl and lhc insulating plate :0 Curr be sccurcd by means of screws :20 and 21. The scouring ol' the parts 18 and 19 in the right position can be facilitated by notches in the umlcrlzcver. The parts 18 and 19 may be in the form of square plates. Each piccc will thereby have eight edges, which can be' successively arranged on the front edge of the porcelain plate which is the place whcre the electrode is met by the comimitating spark. 'lhe insulating plate a: is larger than the parts 18 and 19. In the base 15 is carved a groove 22 to provide clearance for plate :r. In the prolongation of the more behind the electrode there is cut a s ightly sloping groove 23 prcventin iu-cuniulation of conducting liquid whic might form a conducting bridge from one electrode to the other. The base 15 is generally arranged on the slide displaceable in the direction of the jet,,the commutatin requiring an adjustment of the length 0 the jet which is generally most easily effected through displacement of the electrode. The electrode may also be made laterally adjustable to permit an easy and convenient adjustment of the front edge of the plate a: in

relation to the system. The slide may then be con's't'ructedas a double slide lik'e that shown in' Figl 38. One adjusting-screw 2 t endsfin ahead 25 with a groove 26 ou 5 gaginganu right edge on theslide 27.

'The 'descrl ed-electrode is a double' elec trode; "Backside bf the electrode is-c'o nn-ectcd l by 'mean$f"iiffleiiible wire sflwith terminals insulated froliithe casingfinwhich 10 the syetera'is arraageag 'A -si 1j1g1e electrode 7 can aavantag'eiisly be constructed like a The't'w' nastier, dduble mamas de- "only "one electro de Side '25 scribedabtive' will durin' a short moment "be short circuited by the et. If the amplitudeifojf 'the movementof the jetfis sufii eiently'jlarge this short eirclnting will generally dofno harm. It can, however, be

illustrated in"F igs.' 41, 42 and 43. ig. 41

shows a single electrode corres ponding to that'shown in 4 and 5. The-insulating "late is, according to. Fig. 41, divided into'twoipieees 89 and-90,.betiveen which is inserted 'aconductive lamination 91 which connected with the art 92 of the electrode through a non-in uctive resistance 93. Fig. 42 shows a double electrode modified in a corresponding manner clearly illustratillg the mode of operation. It will beunderstood that the jet S will in no case caust a short circuiting of the electrode parts ligand 95, astw-o laminations 96 and 97 are inserted, each conneetediwith the adjacent electrodepart through a non-induce tive resistance'fis or 99,.respectively. Fig. 43 finally ,sh'ows a modified poly- )hase electrode and is self explanatory. It

5 is to be understood that the insulating wall asimilar to those separating the two sides "of the single double electrode; two systems of electrodes are thus always available, which can be interchanged through lateral counfieraeted by means of the arran me'nt arranged, two of which are irfllicatedat 48' electrode.

filled when in ope-ration.

displacement with respect-to the directionof the jets. It is observed, however, that. the polarity of the two sides of the eleotrode change through this interchange Finally the electrode may consist of vo mercury found in two cavities in iron or copier bodies which duringthe workingwill lceep filled withmercury when the Q1664]. trodes are arranged horizontally, in which ,case the jet comb'willbedirecte d verticallyi fi The conducting liquid will ordinarily be mercury, the pressure headof the jets being generally between-20 and 50' cm.- For lift? mg the mercury to such heights many. means are available. In quite small systems, for l instance, a water jet-pump may be used. In 4 larger systems air under pressure may be? used; A centrifugal pump may likewisebe I used in some cases. The work required for 1 :lifting the necessary mercury is insignificant. v Fig. 45 shows a practical modification of a complete rectifying system. a V V The electromagnet 35 is arranged in a chamber 36 of cast iron. The magnet is arranged onthe rear wall in order to'gi ve I room for the double slide 37', 38, carrying the electrode 39. By means of the screw the slide38 may be moved in the direction of the jets. The slides and-the electrode may be of the kind above described. The

pipe 41 is inserted through the insulating body 42 and ends in front of the pole-shoes 43, 44 in a chamber 45 into which the jet plate 46'is screwed. A jet system consist 10o ing of three jets is shown. The pipe 41 is provided with a steel rock 47. In the wall of the chamber 36 four terminal posts are i and 49. andtwo. of them serve for feeding the electromagnet with current; and the two others are connected each with one side of the Further, the chamber is provided with a safety valve (not shown) and also with admission and exhaust openings 51 and 52 for illuminating gas hydrogen, or other gas with which "the chamber is The chamber is closed at the top with a cover 53 provided with a window 54 of glass or mica. This window allows inspection of the jet system during the working. 55 is the drain pipe for mercury leading from a collecting cavity 56. The-entire apparatnsr'nay be mounted on a base 57 of wood or iron. A chamber, the inner dimensions of which are 21 by 12.5 cm. and about 17 cm; depth, is snf ficicnt y large for transforming 3 5' kilo watt.

Larger systems may be constructed by connecting smaller systems in parallel.

In the system for rectifying of simple alternating current, shown in Figs. 744, a reaction coil with two separate but otherwise alike windings, is used for modifying the rectified current. The manner in which this reaction coil is inserted in the system will appear from Figs. 46 and 47. One coil is inserted in one, the other in the other side of the rectifying system, and LCHI'U must be taken that the currents in tlie two coils are magnetizing the iron core (30 of the reaction coil in the same direction. In systems where an unbroken rectified current is desired, a modification can be efl'ected by means of a single reaction coil inserted in the path of the said current. In rectifiers like those shown in Figs. 15-18 a single reaction coil. for instance 61, Fig. 16, is used if necessary, for modifying, and this coil is inserted in series with the storage battery or the ma chine, lamp or the like. In parallel connected systems, each system may have its independent reaction coil or each system may have a coil arranged on a common iron core or finally all of the systems may have a common reaction coil.

I claim:

1. An electromagnetic system for rectification of an electric alternating current comprising a conductive liquid et, means for producing a magnetic field crossed by the said jet, and means comprising an electrode for passing an electric current through the said jet, the said field and current being of such a character as to produce a periodical force acting on the said jet, the said electrode being located at a distance from the said magnetic field dependent uponthe velocity of the particles of the said jet and on the frequency of the saidperiodical force, which distance will cause the striking point of the jet in the electrode to pass over the limitation of the electrode at moments of the periods of the alternating current re quired for rectification of the latter.

2. An electromagnetic system comprising a conductive liquid jet. nit-ans for producing a constant magnetic field crossed by the said jet. and means comprising an electrode for passing an alternating current through the said jet, the said electrode bein I located at a distahce from the said field substantially equal to a multiple of the distance passed by the particles of the said jct during one hall period of the said alternatingcurrent.

3. An electromagm-tic system comprising a conductive liquid jet. means for producing a constant magnetic ficld crossed by the said jet, and means comprising an electrode for passing an alternating current through said jct, the said electrode being located at a distance from the said field substantially equal to the distance passed by the particles of the said jet during one half period of the said alternating current.

4. An electromagnetic system for rcctifying a single phase alternating current. comprising a conductive liquid jet. means for producing a constant magnetic field crossed by the said jet, and means comprising at least one electrode for passing an alternating current through the said ct, the Said electrode consisting of two conductive parts separated by an insulating protruding well against which is directed the said jet, and said electrode being located at a distance from the said field substantially equal to a multiple of the distance passed by the particles of the said jet during one half period of the said alternating current.

5. An electromagnetic system for rectifying a polyphase electric current comprising at least one conductive liquid jet, means for producing a constant magnetic field crossed Jy the said jet, and means comprising an electrode for passin one phase of the said polyphase current t irough the said jet, the said electrode consisting of two conductive parts separated by an insulating protruding wall, the said jet being directed against a point at some distance from the said wall, the said electrode being located at a distance from the said field substantially equal to a multiple of the distance passed by the particles of the said during one half period of each of the phases of the said polyphase current.

6. An electromagnetic system for rectilying a polyphase electric current, comprising at least one conductive liquid jet, means for producing a constant magnetic field crossed by the said jet, and means comprising an electrode for passing one phase of the said polyphase current through the said jet, the said electrode consisting of three conductive parts separated by two insulating protruding Walls, the said jet being directed against the middlemost of the said conductive parts. and the said electrode being located at a distance from the said field substantially equal to a multiple of the distance passed by the said jet during one half period of one of the phases of the said polyphase current.

7. An electromagnetic system for rectifying a polyphase electric current, comprising at least one conductive liquid jet, means for producing at least one rotary field synchronous with the said current, and means comprising at least one electrode for passing the rectified current through the said jet, the said electrode consisting of a number of conductive sector shaped parts corresponding to the number of phases of the said polypl'iasc. current, the said sector shaped parts being separated from each other by radial insulating protruding walls the said jet. being directed against thecenter of the said electrode and the latter being located at a. distance from the said field substantially equal to a multiple of the dis tance passed by the particles of the said jet during one period of each of the phases of the said polyphase current less a distance substantially depending on the velocity of the said jet, the frequency of the said current, the inductance of the coils producing the said ma netic field, and the angular direction of t e said insulating walls of the said electrode. i

8. An electromagnetic system comprising a plate having perforations for the formation of at least one conductive liquid jet, means for making some of the said perfora tions operative and the remainder of them inoperative, means for producing a mag netic field crossed by the said jet, an electrode adapted to be hit by the'said jet and located at a distance from the said field, and means for dpassing an electric current through the sai jet and the said electrode, the said field and current acting u 11 each other so as to cause the said jet to vibrate.

9, An electromagnetic stem comprising at'least one conductive iquid jet, means i for producing a magnetic field crossed by the said 'et, an electrode comprisin a plurality 0 metal pieces separated y and partly surrounded by insulating material 26 and located at a distance from the said magnetic field, means for passing, an electric current throu h the said 'et and the said electrode whic current will coactwith the said field to cause the said *jet to vibrate.

10. An electromagnetic system comprising at least one conductive liquid jet, means for producing a magnetic field crossed by the said jet, an electrode com rising a plurality of metal pieces separated y insulating material, resistances connecting some of the said metal ieces, said electrode being located at a istance from the said magnetic field, means for .passing an electric current through the said jet and the said electrode which current-wil coact with the said field to cause the said jet to vibrate.

In testimony whereof I afiix my signature in presence of two witnesses. V

JULIUS FREDERIK GEOBG FOUL HLBTIANK. Witnesses:

Cnon. V. Scnou. F. Pnnnnsnn'. 

